Turkish Joint Stock Corporations (JSC) can be established for an indefinite period with at least five real person or legal entity shareholders, and an initial capital of at least 50.000.-TL (around 34,000.- USD). Under Turkish law, certain activities such as banking or insurance can only be carried out by companies established as a JSC. In addition, only JSC may offer its shares to public, and trade its shares at the stock exchange. The capital of a JSC is divided into shares, each being separate and conferring equal rights in proportion to their nominal value, except in case of special privileges. Shares are freely transferrable, however certain transfer restrictions may be set forth in the Articles of Incorporation. Share transfer in JSC is effected through endorsement and delivery of the share certificate or provisional share certificate, as the case may be. Furthermore, once a share subscribed is paid in full, the holder of that share may not be expelled.

We maintain a unsurpassed practice counseling and representing large and small companies and boards of directors regarding JSC formation and governance matters. We advise our clients on all matters concerning formation of new entities from corporate formalities to tax issues.

We regularly advise clients with respect to the formation of companies. Our services with respect to company formation include advising and drafting documents in connection with the formation of corporations, limited liability companies, and Turkish liaison and branch offices. We provide targeted advice with respect to both the choice of entity and Turkish laws under the entity is to be organized.

Our clients range from small private companies with no internal legal staff to large companies with their own internal compliance teams. For each of our clients we tailor our approach to that client's unique requirements.